Study says Solar Systems like ours may be Common

nasa/jpl-caltech/uc berkeley

Earth-Size Planets Abound A new survey, funded by NASA and the University of California, reveals that small planets are more common than large ones. The extensive survey used the W.M. Keck Observatory in Hawaii to count planets of various masses, ranging from three to 1,000 times the mass of Earth, around 166 sun-like stars. All of the planets orbit fairly close to their stars, within a quarter of the Earth-sun distance. Currently, ground-based planet-hunting technology cannot detect planets as small as Earth. It can detect the so-called "super-Earths" in orbits that are close to their parent stars, and larger planets at a range of distances. The data, depicted here in this illustrated bar chart, shows a clear trend. Small planets outnumber larger ones. Astronomers extrapolated from this data to estimate the frequency of the Earth-size planets -- nearly one in four sun-like stars, or 23 percent, are thought to host Earth-size planets orbiting close in. Each bar on this chart represents a different group of planets, divided according to their masses. In each of the three highest-mass groups, with masses comparable to Saturn and Jupiter, the frequency of planets around sun-like stars was found to be 1.6 percent. For intermediate-mass planets, with 10 to 30 times the mass of Earth, or roughly the size of Neptune and Uranus, the frequency is 6.5 percent. And the super-Earths, weighing in at only three to 10 times the mass of Earth, had a frequency of 11.8 percent.

Kamuela, HI, – Nearly one in four stars like the Sun could have Earth-size planets, according to observations of nearby solar-mass stars made with the Keck telescopes in Hawai’i.

UC Berkeley astronomers Andrew Howard and Geoffrey Marcy chose 166 G and K stars within 80 light years of Earth and observed them for five years in order to determine the number, mass and orbital distance of any of the stars’ planets. The Sun is the best known of the G stars, which are yellow, while K-type dwarfs are slightly smaller, orange-red stars.

The researchers found increasing numbers of smaller planets, down to the smallest size detectable today – planets called super-Earths, about three times the mass of Earth.  The census, funded by NASA and the University of California, is the most extensive of its kind to date. 

“Of about 100 typical Sun-like stars, one or two have planets the size of Jupiter, roughly six have a planet the size of Neptune, and about 12 have super-Earths between three and 10 Earth masses,” said Howard, a research astronomer in UC Berkeley’s Department of Astronomy and at the Space Sciences Laboratory. “If we extrapolate down to Earth-size planets – between one-half and two times the mass of Earth – we predict that you’d find about 23 for every 100 stars.”

“This is the first estimate based on actual measurements of the fraction of stars that have Earth-size planets,” said Marcy, UC Berkeley professor of astronomy. Previous studies have estimated the proportion of Jupiter and Saturn-size exoplanets, but never down to Neptune’s and super-Earths, enabling an extrapolation to Earth-size planets.

“What this means,” Howard added, “is that, as NASA develops new techniques over the next decade to find truly Earth-size planets, it won’t have to look too far.”

Because the researchers detected only close-in planets, there could be even more Earth-size planets at greater distances, including within the habitable zone located at about the same distance as Earth is from the Sun. The habitable, or “Goldilocks,” zone is the distance from a star neither too hot nor too cold to allow the presence of liquid water.

The researchers’ results conflict with current models of planet formation and migration, Marcy noted. After their birth in a protoplanetary disk, planets had been thought to spiral inward because of interactions with the gas in the disk. Such models predict a “planet desert” in the inner region of solar systems.  The new study finds a surplus of close-in, small planets.  “These results will transform astronomers’ views of how planets form,” Marcy said.

Howard and Marcy report their results in the Oct. 29 issue of the journal Science.

The astronomers used the 10-meter Keck telescopes in Hawaii to measure the minute wobble of each star. Current techniques allow detection of planets massive enough and near enough to their stars to cause a wobble of about 1 meter per second. That means they saw only massive, Jupiter-like gas giants up to three times the mass of Jupiter (1,000 times Earth’s mass) orbiting as far as one-quarter of an astronomical unit (AU) from the star, or smaller, closer super-Earths and Neptune-like planets (15-30 times the mass of the earth). An AU is 93 million miles, the average distance between Earth and the Sun.

Only 22 of the stars had detectable planets – 33 planets in all – within this range of masses and orbital distances. After accounting statistically for the fact that some stars were observed more often than others, the researchers estimated that about 1.6 percent of the sun-like stars in their sample had Jupiter-size planets and 12 percent had super-Earths (3-10 Earth masses).  If the trend of increasing numbers of smaller planets continues, they concluded, 23 percent of the stars would have Earth-size planets.

Based on these statistics, Howard and Marcy, who is a member of NASA’s Kepler mission to survey 156,000 faint stars in search of transiting planets, estimate that the telescope will detect 120-260 “plausibly terrestrial worlds” orbiting some 10,000 nearby G and K dwarf stars with orbital periods less than 50 days.

“One of astronomy’s goals is to find eta-Earth (ηEarth), the fraction of sun-like stars that have an earth,” Howard said. “This is a first estimate, and the real number could be one in eight instead of one in four. But it’s not one in 100, which is glorious news.”

“This study represents a breakthrough in our understanding of the frequency and distribution of planets,” said Taft Armandroff, Director of Keck Observatory.  “The conclusion that Earth-mass planets are common reflects a major investment in observing time along with refinements in observing techniques developed by Keck Observatory and our planet-hunting community.”

Twelve possible planets also were detected, but they need further confirmation, Marcy said. If these candidate planets are included in the count, the team detected a total of 45 planets around 32 stars.

Other coauthors of the paper are John Asher Johnson of the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Debra A. Fischer of Yale University, Jason T. Wright of Pennsylvania State University, Howard Isaacson of UC Berkeley, Jeff A. Valenti and Jay Anderson of the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, Md., Doug N. C. Lin of the UC Observatories/Lick Observatory and UC Santa Cruz, and Shigeru Ida of the Tokyo Institute of Technology in Japan.

The W. M. Keck Observatory operates two 10-meter optical/infrared telescopes on the summit of Mauna Kea. The twin telescopes feature a suite of advanced instrumentation including imagers, multi-object spectrographs, high-resolution spectrographs, integral-field spectroscopy and a world-leading laser guide star adaptive optics system. The Observatory is a private 501(c) 3 organization and a scientific partnership of the California Institute of Technology, the University of California and NASA.